Kalplerdeki iman heyecan\u0131n\u0131n mahyalarda resmetti\u011fi m\u00fcbarek bir ayd\u0131r Ramazan. \u015eeytan soluklar\u0131yla kararm\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 vahyin esintileriyle tenvir eden mukaddes ayd\u0131r. Ramazan, Hz. Ebubekir\u2019in sadakatini, \u00d6mer\u2019in adaletini, Osman\u2019\u0131n haya ve iffetini, Ali\u2019nin \u015fecaatini \u00f6\u011fretip telkin eder bizlere. \u00a0Muhacir olman\u0131n fedak\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ensar olman\u0131n yard\u0131m severli\u011fini, cihad saflar\u0131nda can\u0131 ve mal\u0131 Allah \u2019a adaman\u0131n lezzetini Ramazan\u2019la \u00f6\u011freniriz hep. Sene boyu ekranlarda seyretti\u011fimiz d\u00fcnyan\u0131n muhtelif yerlerindeki a\u00e7 b\u00ee ila\u00e7 insanlar\u0131n halini Ramazanla anlar\u0131z bir nebze.<\/p>\n
Bereketiyle gelen sahurlar\u0131, ne\u015feyle idrak etti\u011fimiz iftarlar\u0131, co\u015fkuyla kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z teravihleri, huzurla dinledi\u011fimiz mukabeleleri, umutla eri\u015fti\u011fimiz Kadir gecesi ve sevin\u00e7le kavu\u015ftu\u011fumuz bayram g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00a0ile manevi a\u00e7\u0131dan sar\u0131p sarmalar bizi Ramazan. Bu aya dek i\u015fledi\u011fimiz kusurlar\u0131 hat\u0131rlatarak bir yan\u0131yla h\u00fczne, a\u00e7\u0131lan ma\u011ffiret kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek de di\u011fer yan\u0131yla umuda sevk eder bizi. \u00c7ekti\u011fimiz a\u00e7l\u0131k ve susuzluk akabinde bize hediye etti\u011fi bayram\u0131yla, me\u015fakkatlerle bo\u011fu\u015ftu\u011fumuz \u015fu hayat\u0131n sonunda bize bah\u015fedilecek olan ebedi kurtulu\u015fu simgeler. Yard\u0131mla\u015fma faaliyetleriyle kalben birle\u015ftirdi\u011fi m\u00fcminleri, bayram g\u00fcnlerinde bedenen de bir araya getirerek birlik, beraberlik ve karde\u015fli\u011fimizi resmeder. Bunlar gibi bir \u00e7ok boyutuyla Ramazan ve bayram bize, zorluklarla gelecek kolayl\u0131klar\u0131, h\u00fcz\u00fcnlerin gebe oldu\u011fu mutluluklar\u0131, karanl\u0131klar\u0131n m\u00fcjdeledi\u011fi nurlu sabahlar\u0131 haber verir.<\/p>\n
Bir Sak\u0131nma ay\u0131: Ramazan<\/strong><\/p>\n Bir ittika\/sak\u0131nma ay\u0131d\u0131r Ramazan. Manevi hissiyat\u0131m\u0131za adeta \u00f6l\u00fcm hamlesi gibi inmek isteyen \u015fehev\u00ee isteklerin \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir kalkan vazifesi g\u00f6r\u00fcr tuttu\u011fumuz oru\u00e7lar. Bunun i\u00e7in Allah Resul\u00fc (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem) gen\u00e7lere hitaben \u201cEy gen\u00e7ler toplulu\u011fu! \u0130\u00e7inizden kim evlenmeye g\u00fc\u00e7 yetirirse evlensin. G\u00fcc\u00fc yetmeyenler de oruca sar\u0131ls\u0131n! Zira oru\u00e7 onun ad\u0131na \u015fehveti k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015feydir\u201d [1]<\/a> buyurmu\u015ftur.[2]<\/a> Ba\u015fka bir hadis-i kuds\u00eede orucun kalkan olarak nitelendirilmesinin bir anlam\u0131 da budur.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n Bir kalkand\u0131r oru\u00e7. Bize nefsin telkini olarak gelen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fcnaha sevk etme d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bir benzerini bulamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir kalkan. Nefis, kendisini besleyen yeme ve i\u00e7me gibi lezzetleri fazlaca buldu\u011funda azg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r ve Allah (azze ve celle)\u2019\u0131 unutur. Tasavvufta nefsi terbiye metodu olarak kullan\u0131lan riyaz\u00e2t, nefsin insan\u0131 hel\u00e2ke g\u00f6t\u00fcren bu t\u00fcr telkinlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir siper olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira, b\u00fcy\u00fcklerin o veciz ifadesiyle, uzuvlar tok oldu\u011funda nefis a\u00e7, uzuvlar a\u00e7 oldu\u011funda ise nefis tok olur.[4]<\/a> Nefsin tok olmas\u0131 da insan\u0131 g\u00fcnaha te\u015fvik etme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azalmas\u0131 demektir. Bu sebeple, Ramazan nefis ve \u015feytan\u0131n insan\u0131 ebedi h\u00fcsrana s\u00fcr\u00fckleyecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc te\u015fviklerinden kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131r. Allah Resul\u00fc \ufdfa, b\u00f6ylesi bir f\u0131rsat\u0131n geli\u015fini ashab\u0131na \u015f\u00f6yle m\u00fcjdelemi\u015ftir: \u201cSize bereket ay\u0131 Ramazan gelmi\u015ftir. Onda, Allah\u2019\u0131n sizi kendisiyle tastamam ku\u015fataca\u011f\u0131 bir hay\u0131r vard\u0131r: Rahmet iner, hatalar silinir, dualar kabul olur ve Allah\u00a0 hay\u0131rlarda yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131za bakarak Meleklere kar\u015f\u0131 sizinle \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00d6yleyse siz de Allah\u2019a kendiniz ad\u0131na hay\u0131r g\u00f6steri\u015fi yap\u0131n. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bedbaht ki\u015fi, bu ayda bile Allah \u2019\u0131n rahmetinden mahrum oland\u0131r.\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n G\u00fcnahlardan sak\u0131nman\u0131n, t\u00f6vbenin, yakar\u0131\u015f\u0131n, boyun b\u00fck\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi telafi ile gelece\u011fi in\u015f\u00e2 edebilmenin tam da zaman\u0131 olan Ramazan\u2019\u0131 bile de\u011ferlendirememek ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mahrumluktur. Cenab-\u0131 Hakk\u2019\u0131n bir ayette, \u201c\u0130man edenlerin kalplerinin Allah<\/em>\u2019\u0131n zikri i\u00e7in hu\u015f\u00fbya b\u00fcr\u00fcnece\u011fi zaman h\u00e2l\u00e2 gelmedi mi\u201d[6]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> buyurarak ifade etti\u011fi beklentiyi, Ramazan\u2019da dahi kar\u015f\u0131layamamak kalben \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir al\u00e2metidir. Bu noktada m\u00fcmine d\u00fc\u015fen, manevi halini kontrol ederek gere\u011fini yerine getirmektir. Hz. Peygamberin, g\u00fcnah i\u015fleyebilmek i\u00e7in neredeyse bir sebebin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ma\u011ffiret kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ayda bile kendini affettiremeyen insana yap\u0131lan bedduaya \u201c\u00e2min\u201d dedi\u011fi de[7]<\/a> unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Oru\u00e7, kime ne ifade eder?<\/strong><\/p>\n Ramazana eri\u015fenlerin idrakleri de ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir elbette. Zira kimileri yemek, i\u00e7mek gibi zaruri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek yani zahir\u00ee anlamdaki oru\u00e7lar\u0131yla ihya ederler bu ay\u0131. Oysa Ramazan ve orucun bundan \u00f6te bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r idraki herkese nasip olmayan. Ehl-i hakikat oru\u00e7 denince mutlak ve k\u00fcll\u00ee anlamdaki ims\u00e2k\u0131\/kendini tutmay\u0131 anlar. Onlara g\u00f6re oru\u00e7, Cenab-\u0131 hakk\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her \u015feyden y\u00fcz \u00e7evirmeye denir. Ramazandan maksat kalpteki a\u015fk ve muhabbeti \u00f6ld\u00fcrme potansiyelindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yeme-i\u00e7me duygular\u0131n\u0131n dizginlenmesidir onlar\u0131n nezdinde.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n Ariflerin nazar\u0131ndaki Ramazan, insan b\u00fcnyesindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn azalar\u0131n oru\u00e7 tuttu\u011fu bir ayd\u0131r. G\u00f6z harama bakmaktan sak\u0131n\u0131r, dil g\u0131ybetten katiyyen geri durur, kulak gayr-\u0131 me\u015fru \u015feyleri dinlemez, el ancak helale uzan\u0131r ve ayak ancak hayra y\u00fcr\u00fcr bu m\u00fcbarek ayda. Ariflerin orucu \u201cSir\u201d lat\u0131fesini Hakk (azze ve celle)\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki her \u015feyden muhafaza etmektir \u00f6zetle.<\/p>\n Oru\u00e7 bozan \u015feylerden kendini al\u0131koyanlar\u0131n iftar\u0131 gece \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, a\u011fy\u00e2rdan y\u00fcz \u00e7evirerek oru\u00e7 tutanlar\u0131n iftar\u0131 ise hakk\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahede etti\u011finde olur. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc Resul\u00fcllah (sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem)\u2019in \u201cOnu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden dolay\u0131 oru\u00e7 tutunuz ve iftar ediniz\u201d[9]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> \u015feklindeki hadiste ge\u00e7en \u201conu\u201d zamirini Ramazan ve \u015eevval hilallerine g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir zahir ulemas\u0131. Tahkik ehline g\u00f6re ise buradaki zamir Hak Te\u00e2l\u00e2ya d\u00f6nmektedir. Zira onlar\u0131n orucu Allah z\u00fclcelalden bir an bile gafil kalmama hedefine matuftur. \u0130ftarlar\u0131 ise Mevl\u00e2y\u0131 m\u00fcte\u00e2li m\u00fc\u015fahede etmekle neticelenir.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n Yard\u0131m\u0131n, fethin ve zaferin ay\u0131: Ramazan<\/strong><\/p>\n Manevi y\u00f6nde insan\u0131 donan\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lan Ramazan ay\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131n, fethin ve zaferin de timsalidir. Nitekim Allah U, Hz. Peygamber r ve ashab\u0131na Bedir muharebesindeki o b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Ramazan ay\u0131nda g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Bu ayda teyit edilmi\u015ftir m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00fc\u00e7bin, be\u015f bin melekle. Ve iki taifeden birisinin vadolunmas\u0131n\u0131n tezah\u00fcr\u00fc bu ayda meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bedirdeki \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda secdelere kapan\u0131p \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131m! Ehl-i \u0130slam\u2019dan bu toplulu\u011fu helak edersen yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ibadet olunmazs\u0131n\u201d diyerek m\u00fcnacaatta bulunan Peygamber-i z\u00ee\u015f\u00e2n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi gibi oru\u00e7la takviye etti\u011fimiz manevi d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131\u00a0 her dem Allah\u2019a yakar\u0131\u015fla me\u015fgul etme ay\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n zaferi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapma ay\u0131d\u0131r Ramazan. Hz. Peygamber\u00a0 hicretin be\u015finci senesinin Ramazan ay\u0131nda hendek sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00fcf\u00fcr ordular\u0131n\u0131n her bir yandan ku\u015fatma alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iman\u0131n merkezi Medine\u2019ye g\u00f6klerden gelen o b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m\u0131n mukaddimesinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Allah Resul\u00fc \ufdfa ve ashab\u0131n\u0131n bir zamanlar hor ve hakir kabul edildi\u011fi, t\u00fcrl\u00fc i\u015fkencelere maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, sokaklar\u0131nda Allah birdir demenin yasak telakki edildi\u011fi, \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn k\u0131zg\u0131n kumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde \u00e2lemler hesab\u0131na Allah diyen Bilallerin ac\u0131mas\u0131zca d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, zulm\u00fcn Ar\u015f\u2019a dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda orada ya\u015fayan m\u00fcstez\u2019aflar\u0131n ellerini Rablerine a\u00e7arak \u201chalk\u0131 zalim olan bu diyarlardan bizi \u00e7\u0131kar ya rabbi\u201d[11]<\/a> diye tazarruda bulundu\u011fu Mekke\u2019 nin yeniden fethini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kucaklayan ayd\u0131r Ramazan.<\/p>\n Ramazan, mazlumlar\u0131n dualar\u0131ndaki \u201c Ya rab! Taraf\u0131ndan bize bir sahip ve yard\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00f6nder\u201d<\/em> c\u00fcmlesinin fetihle tahakkuk edi\u015fini\u00a0 olanca yal\u0131ncakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u00fcnyaya ilan eden ayd\u0131r. Peygamber-i z\u00ee \u015f\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n \u201cSen bana beldelerin en sevimlisisin, e\u011fer ehlin beni sen \u00e7\u0131kartmasayd\u0131 seni terk etmezdim\u201d[12]<\/a> diyerek veda etti\u011fi Mekke\u2019 yi ba\u011fr\u0131na basarak hasret giderdi\u011fi m\u00fcbarek ayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hicretle sona eren s\u0131lan\u0131n, gurbetle kuvvetlenen azmin, azimle y\u00fckselen dava sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n burca dikildi\u011fi ayd\u0131r Ramazan. Mekke sokaklar\u0131n\u0131 bir ucundan di\u011ferine i\u015fgal eden k\u00fcf\u00fcr esintilerinin yerini iman sadalar\u0131na, Bilal-i Habe\u015f\u00ee\u2019 lerin Allahu ekberlerine b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayd\u0131r. Ramazan\u2019 \u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunca manay\u0131, say\u0131s\u0131zca remzi bi hakk\u0131n idrak ederek tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z oru\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131. Aksi takdirde oru\u00e7, metafizi\u011fi kavrayamam\u0131\u015f bir akl\u0131n manas\u0131n\u0131 ihata edemedi\u011fi bir eylem olarak kal\u0131r sadece. Bu da Ramazan\u2019 \u0131 anlayamama, idrak edememe ve yeti\u015fti\u011fimiz halde hakk\u0131n\u0131 verememe anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>H\u00fcz\u00fcn dorukta, umutlar taze<\/strong><\/p>\n Manev\u00ee hazz\u0131n\u0131 iliklerimize kadar hissedemedi\u011fimiz, teravih, mukabele ve Bayram namazlar\u0131ndan mahrum oldu\u011fumuz bir Ramazan\u2019a eri\u015fmenin h\u00fczn\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Bu h\u00fcz\u00fcn bizleri hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde umutsuzlu\u011fa sevk etmemelidir. Zira biz, \u00e7ok\u00e7a isteyip arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feylerin kimi zaman hakk\u0131m\u0131zda \u015fer, hi\u00e7 istemeyip ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feylerin ise bazen hakk\u0131m\u0131zda hay\u0131r olabilece\u011fini beyan eden bir kitaba iman etmi\u015fiz.[13]<\/a> \u0130ki asr\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n zamand\u0131r bitmeyen h\u00fcz\u00fcnlerimiz, kahreden acziyetimiz bug\u00fcnlerde daha da \u00e7ok g\u00f6sterdi kendini. \u00dczg\u00fcn\u00fcz, \u00e7aresiz gibiyiz fakat asla umutsuz de\u011filiz. Zira biz gecenin en karanl\u0131k an\u0131n\u0131n sabah\u0131n ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na en yak\u0131n zaman oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok iyi biliyoruz. Ve biz, d\u00fcnyaya ait hemen her \u015feyin kemalinin ayn\u0131 zamanda zev\u00e2line delalet etti\u011fine inanm\u0131\u015f\u0131z. Ve yine biz, h\u00fcz\u00fcnlerle umutlar\u0131n\u0131 ye\u015ferten, yenilgilerle fetih mu\u015ftular\u0131n\u0131 per\u00e7inleyen, ma\u011flubiyetlerle galibiyetlere ko\u015fan bir medeniyetin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n Az kemiyetlerle \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 gazalardan b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferlerle d\u00f6nen, \u201cen olmaz\u201d denen yerlerde \u201cen olmad\u0131k\u201d ba\u015far\u0131lara imza atan ve her \u015feyin bitti\u011finin zannedildi\u011fi anlarda meydan yerine \u00e7\u0131kan tarihimize bakarak tazelemeliyiz umutlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131. Yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kat\u0131k yaparak eri\u015fti\u011fimiz Ramazan ve bayramlar\u0131n, geli\u015fi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan m\u00fcminlerin muzafferiyeti ve \u0130slam aleminin o b\u00fcy\u00fck uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131na vesile olmas\u0131 temennisiyle\u2026<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Buhari, Kitabu\u2019s-savm, No: 1806, M\u00fcslim, \u201cKit\u00e2bu\u2019n-nik\u00e2h\u201d, No: 1400, Eb\u00fb D\u00e2v\u00fbd, \u201cKit\u00e2bu\u2019n-nik\u00e2h\u201d, No: 2046, Nes\u00e2\u00ee, \u201cKit\u00e2bu\u2019s-s\u0131y\u00e2m\u201d, No:2241<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> \u0130bn Ac\u00eebe, , el-Bahru\u2019l-med\u00eed<\/em>, el-Mektebetu\u2019t-tevf\u00eek\u0131yye, (Thk: Vah\u00eed Kutub), Kahire-M\u0131s\u0131r, I\/177<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Malik, Muvatta<\/em>, \u201cKitabu\u2019s-s\u0131y\u00e2m\u201d, No: 682, Ahmed b. Hanbel, M\u00fcsned<\/em>, XII\/461, No:7492, Buhari, \u201cKitabu\u2019s-savm\u201d, No: 1792<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Hasen Muhammed el-Me\u015f\u015f\u00e2t, \u0130s\u2018\u00e2du Ehli\u2019l-\u00cem\u00e2n bi Vez\u00e2ifi \u015fehri Ramaz\u00e2n<\/em>, 1972, Bask\u0131: IV, s. 41<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Taber\u00e2n\u00ee, M\u00fcsnedu\u2019\u015f-\u015e\u00e2miyy\u00een<\/em>, No: 2238; Heysem\u00ee, Mecma\u2018u\u2019z-Zev\u00e2id<\/em>, III\/344, No: 4783<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Had\u00eed, 16<\/p>\n [7]<\/a>\u00a0 Hakim, el-M\u00fcstedrek<\/em>, No: 7256; Taber\u00e2n\u00ee, el-Mu\u2018cemu\u2019l-Evsat<\/em>, No: 8131; el-Mu\u2018cemu\u2019l-Keb\u00eer<\/em>, No: 2022; Bezz\u00e2r, M\u00fcsned<\/em>, No: 1405; \u0130bn Hibb\u00e2n, Sahih<\/em>, No: 409<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Nimetullah en-Nahcuv\u00e2n\u00ee, el-Fev\u00e2tihu\u2019l-il\u00e2hiyye ve\u2019l-mefatihu\u2019l-\u011faybiyye<\/em>,Matbaa-i Usm\u00e2niyye, Bask\u0131: I,\u00a0 I\/ 65<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Ahmed b. Hanbel, M\u00fcsned<\/em>, III\/445, No: 1985; Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Kit\u00e2bu\u2019s-Savm, No: 1810; M\u00fcslim, \u201cKit\u00e2bu\u2019s-S\u0131y\u00e2m\u201d, No: 1081; Hakim, el-M\u00fcstedrek<\/em>, No: 1547; Taber\u00e2n\u00ee, el-Mu\u2018cemu\u2019l-Evsat<\/em>, No: 1222; el-Mu\u2018cemu\u2019l-Keb\u00eer<\/em>, No: 1175; Bezz\u00e2r, M\u00fcsned<\/em>, No: 3646; \u0130bn Hibb\u00e2n, Sahih<\/em>, No: 3442<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Abd\u00fclkerim el- Ku\u015feyri, Let\u00e2ifu\u2019l-i\u015f\u00e2r\u00e2t<\/em>, Daru\u2019l-k\u00fct\u00fcbi\u2019l-ilmiyye, Beyrut-L\u00fcbnan, 2000, B.I, \u00a0I\/ 87<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Nis\u00e2, 75<\/p>\n
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